Introduction to Statistics Final milestone
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for establishing causality?
Take into consideration all the other possible causes.
Look for cases where correlation exists between the variables of a scatterplot.
Perform a randomized, controlled experiment.
Keep all variables the same to get duplicate results
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Which of the following data types will be continuous?
The number of students who like chocolate or strawberry or vanilla ice-cream flavors
The letter grade Tyron received on an English test
The number of books in the school library
The amount of snow that fell last night
A grocery store owner asked the first 20 children who visited the store one day about their favorite snack.
This is what type of sampling?
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
Voluntary response sampling
A study in which results are measured without intervention from the researcher is called a(n) __________.
Pilot study
Observational study
Controlled experiment
Simple random sample
Kyle was trying to decide which type of soda to restock based on popularity: regular cola or diet cola. After studying the data, he noticed that he sold less diet cola on weekdays and weekends. However, after combing through his entire sales records, he actually sold more diet cola than regular cola.
Which paradox had Kyle encountered?
Simpson's Paradox
False Positive
False Negative
Benford's Law
The data below shows the grams of fat in a series of popular snacks.
Snack | Grams of Fat |
Snack 1 | 9 |
Snack 2 | 13 |
Snack 3 | 21 |
Snack 4 | 30 |
Snack 5 | 31 |
Snack 6 | 31 |
Snack 7 | 34 |
Snack 8 | 25 |
Snack 9 | 28 |
Snack 10 | 20 |
If Morris wanted to construct a one-sample t-statistic, what would the value for the degrees of freedom be?
11
10
9
5
Using the Venn Diagram below, what is the conditional probability of event A occurring, assuming that event B has already occurred [P(A|B)]?
0.71
0.05
0.22
0.10
A correlation coefficient between average temperature and coat sales is most likely to be __________.
between 1 and 2
between 0 and -1
between 0 and 1
between -1 and -2
A researcher has a table of data with 5 column variables and 4 row variables.
The value for the degrees of freedom in order to calculate the statistic is __________.
20
12
19
4
Mrs. Pellegrin has weighed 5 packages of cheese and recorded the weights as 10.2 oz, 10.5 oz, 9.3 oz, 9.8 oz, and 10.0 oz. She calculated the standard deviation to be 0.45 oz.
The cheese factory lists the package weight at 10 oz.
The t-statistic for a two-sided test would be __________.
-0.20
-0.40
+0.40
+0.20
A survey asked 1,000 people which magazine they preferred, given three choices. The table below breaks the votes down by magazine and age group.If a survey is selected at random, what is the probability that the person voted for "Newsday" and is also age 40 or older? Answer choices are rounded to the hundredths place.
0.34
0.54
0.23
0.66
Which of the following is an example of a statistic?
Fifty employees in a small business are randomly selected to take a survey.
Fifty households randomly sampled in one county have a mean weekly amount spent on groceries.
All 25 students in a third grade class are asked to rank their favorite fruits.
A local newspaper reporter asks 50 citizens for their opinion on a recent city ordinance.
For a class reading competition, the students were asked to read a book. Mike, Jack, and Rayon discussed the numbers of pages they read on the first day. One of them made a graph to represent the data.Who made the graph, and why? Who made the graph, and why?
Rayon, because he wanted to make the amount read by each person appear very different.
Jack, because he wanted to make it look like he read significantly more than the others.
Mike, because he wanted to make the amount read by each person appear reasonably close.
Mike, because he wanted to accurately show the amount read by each person.
Which answer choice correctly indicates the explanatory variable and the response variable for the scatterplot?
Explanatory variable: Temperature
Response variable: Voltage
Explanatory variable: Voltage
Response variable: Thermocouple performance
Explanatory variable: Temperature
Response variable: Thermocouple performance
Explanatory variable: Voltage
Response variable: Temperature
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The midterm exam scores obtained by boys and girls in a class are listed in the table below.What does the circled section represent? Eight boys scored 12 marks on the exam. Eight boys scored over 10 marks on the exam. Two boys scored between 80 and 89 marks on the exam. Twelve boys scored 8 marks on the exam.
Adam tabulated the values for the average speeds on each day of his road trip as 60.5, 63.2, 54.7, 51.6, 72.3, 70.7, 67.2, and 65.4 mph. The sample standard deviation is 7.309.
Select the 98% confidence interval for Adam’s set of data.
55.45 to 70.95
55.45 to 79.46
46.94 to 71.33
46.94 to 79.46
Alice reads a scatterplot that shows data for nine schools. It relates the percentage of students receiving free lunches to the percentage of students wearing a bicycle helmet. The plot shows a strong negative correlation.
Alice recalls that correlation does not imply causation. In this example, Alice sees that increasing the percentage of free lunches would not cause children to use their bicycle helmets less.
Identify the confounding variable that is causing Alice's observed association.
The number of free lunches available
School funding
Parents' income
The number of bike helmets available
Regan wants to study how reading on a computer affects comprehension among elementary school students. Regan thinks that girls and boys might differ and he also suspects that grade level will affect the results. He decides to create a male and a female group for each grade. Within each group, he randomly assigns half of the students to read an article on paper and half of the students to read the article on a computer.
Which type of experimental design does this situation illustrate?
Double-Blind
Completely Randomized
Matched-Pair
Randomized Block
Which of the following situations describes a continuous distribution?
A probability distribution showing the number of pages employees read during the workday.
A probability distribution of the average time it takes employees to drive to work.
A probability distribution of the workers who arrive late to work each day.
A probability distribution showing the number of minutes employees spend at lunch.
Jenae is able to purchase a different brand of coffee for half the price from a new supplier. She anticipated that her co-workers would object to switching to the new brand, as they were really partial to the coffee they have been drinking so far. Indeed, when offered a taste test of the old brand versus the new brand, her co-workers unanimously rejected the new brand.
Jenae's boss, Steven, pointed out that this result was most likely due to the fact that the taste test was not ________.
controlled
replicated
blinded
randomized
Which of the following is an example of a false negative?
Test results confirm that a woman is pregnant.
Test results indicate that a woman is pregnant when she is not.
Test results confirm that a woman is not pregnant.
Test results indicate that a woman is not pregnant when she is.
A data set has its first and third quartiles as 9 and 17, respectively.
Which of the following data points would be considered an outlier for the data set?
41
3
27
17
A local school newspaper's editor wants to survey students to determine the approval rating of the current student council president.
How would the newspaper apply the cluster sampling method to find this information?
The newspaper staff surveys every student in a randomly selected grade.
The newspaper staff surveys 30 students from each grade in the school.
The newspaper staff surveys only the female students in the entire school.
The newspaper staff surveys random students from every grade in the school.
Select the statement that is TRUE.
The interquartile range (IQR) covers the middle 50% of a data set.
The interquartile range (IQR) is influenced by outliers.
The interquartile range (IQR) is the average value of a data set.
The interquartile range (IQR) is the middle value of a data set.
Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true?
The normal distribution is single-peaked and symmetric.
A large portion of the data is located near the tails.
A large portion of the data is skewed to the right.
The normal distribution is an example of a bimodal distribution.
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